lithium ion battery
Lithium-ion battery, also known as lithium battery, is a rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions to store energy. It consists of a positively charged electrode (cathode) and a negatively charged electrode (anode). During the charging process, lithium ions move from the cathode to the anode, generating an electric current. The opposite process occurs during discharge.
Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density, no memory effect, and only slow charge loss when not in use. Due to these properties, lithium-ion batteries have found mainstream adoption in many electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and laptops. In addition, it is used in electric vehicles and rides in the automotive industry, as well as solar equipment.
Advantages of Lithium-ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries are a commonly used battery type that offer many advantages, including:
1. Because the electrodes are made of lightweight materials, they are lighter than other batteries.
2. Long life, can maintain power for a long time.
3. They have higher energy density compared to other battery types such as lead-acid batteries.
4. They have a higher depth of discharge and can handle multiple charge and discharge cycles.
Disadvantages of Lithium-ion Batteries
Some disadvantages of lithium-ion batteries are:
1. Compared with lead-acid batteries, the cost is significantly higher.
2. They have thermal runaway, which means they can catch fire.
3. High temperatures will accelerate the life of these batteries, causing them to degrade faster.
4. They cannot be brought on board airplanes because they can generate heat that could cause a fire, so regulators ban lithium-ion batteries.
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Lead-acid battery
Lead-acid battery is a type of rechargeable battery. The electrode is mainly made of lead, and the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution. The principle of lead-acid battery is to convert chemical energy and DC power into each other, and restore it after discharge and recharging, so as to achieve the effect of repeated use. Lead-acid battery has a small internal resistance and can meet the needs of large current discharge.
Lead-acid batteries have a lifespan of about 2 to 4 years, but they will be shortened if they are kept at low charge for a long time . Unlike lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries are cheap and are generally considered a cheaper way to provide large amounts of power. Lead-acid batteries are widely used in electric vehicles, motorboats, electric scooters, emergency lighting and other fields.
Advantages of lead-acid batteries
Lead-acid batteries have some advantages as listed below:
1. It is cheap. That is why it is widely used in today’s market.
2. They have the lowest self-discharge rate among all rechargeable batteries.
3. Lead-acid batteries require little maintenance and can perform well in harsh conditions.
4. The power is relatively high and can generate high discharge current
Disadvantages of Lead-Acid Batteries
The disadvantages of lead-acid batteries are as follows
1. Lead-acid batteries are usually larger in size compared to lithium-ion batteries of similar battery capacity.
2. They have limited cycle life and are more susceptible to shortened battery life due to deep discharge.
3. The battery must be kept in a charged state to prevent battery sulfation.
4. The charging speed is slow, and it takes 14 to 16 hours to fully charge.
5. Not environmentally friendly. Failure to recycle will have adverse effects on the environment.
Lithium-ion battery vs. lead-acid battery: a comprehensive comparison
1. Security
Lead-acid batteries release hydrogen and oxygen when overcharged. These gases are highly flammable and can cause battery explosion or human poisoning if not properly ventilated. However, most lead-acid batteries on the market are valve-regulated and therefore safe to use.
On the contrary, lithium batteries do not release any harmful substances during use , but lithium-ion batteries can pose safety risks due to thermal runaway. In order to avoid potential battery dangers, many lithium battery manufacturers have added battery management systems to their products , which will reduce the risk of failure and ensure the safety of the battery cells.
2. Cost
Cost is the main difference between lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries are a cheaper option for battery installation. For batteries of the same size and capacity, lithium-ion batteries typically cost twice the price of a comparable lead-acid battery.
However, in terms of the life of these batteries, lithium-ion batteries have a much longer service life than lead-acid batteries. The life value of lithium-ion batteries will be twice that of lead-acid batteries.
Therefore, for short-term stationary applications with low energy demand, lead-acid batteries are only a cheaper option. In contrast, if you want to use batteries as a power source for a long time, lithium batteries are a more cost-effective choice .
3. Weight and size
Lead-acid batteries contain lead, a high-density material, while lithium-ion batteries contain lithium, a material that is 55% lighter than lead. Lead-acid batteries contain a large amount of lead and are five times heavier than lithium-ion batteries. In addition to this, lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density and do not require as much physical space as lead-acid batteries, making them lighter in weight and size compared to lead-acid batteries.
4. Capacity
Compared with lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries have significantly higher energy density and battery capacity. Using the same space, lithium-ion batteries can store more energy than lead-acid batteries.
5. Charge and discharge characteristics
The depth of discharge (DOD) of a battery is the maximum amount of energy that can be used from a fully charged battery before it needs to be recharged. Lead-acid batteries have a DOD of 50%, beyond which the battery life may be negatively affected, while lithium-ion batteries have a higher DOD of 80% or more. The higher depth of discharge of lithium-ion batteries gives them a higher effective capacity than lead-acid batteries.
In terms of charging time, lithium-ion batteries can be fully charged in just a few minutes to three hours. A similarly sized lead-acid battery may take 10 hours or more to fully charge .
6. Lifespan
Typically, the cycle life of a lead-acid battery is about 300-500 cycles, which can last for about one to two years. On the other hand, the cycle life of a lithium-ion battery is much longer. Lithium iron phosphate batteries are known for their longer life, with a cycle life of more than 4,000 times and can last for 10 years, and some high-end varieties have a service life of more than 15 years.
7. Environmental impact
Since batteries don’t last forever, what are the environmental impacts of lead-acid vs. lithium-ion ?
Due to their longer battery life, lithium-ion batteries need to be replaced less frequently than lead-acid batteries. Lead-acid batteries contain lead plates and acid, two highly toxic materials that cause significant environmental degradation. Ensuring they are properly disposed of costs a lot of money and time , which makes lithium-ion batteries a better choice for battery installations.
In short, lithium batteries are more environmentally friendly than lead-acid batteries . The materials used in lithium batteries do not contain polluting metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury and other harmful heavy metal substances, and lithium batteries do not produce pollutants during production and use. On the contrary, lead-acid batteries are the opposite. Lead-acid battery pollution is mainly in the production process. Lead-containing heavy metal wastewater appears in the coating and battery cleaning processes, and various lead-containing fumes and lead dust appear in the processes of grid casting, alloy preparation, lead parts and aluminum powder manufacturing.
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